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3D打印技術(shù)在汽車業(yè)中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
雖然關(guān)于3D打印汽車的新聞屢有報道，但是細(xì)心的讀者不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，3D打印汽車這個概念的宣傳力度大于實際應(yīng)用，以上述七大概念車為例，3D打印組件僅占整車中很小的一部分，而且還是非承力件。因此有分析人士認(rèn)為，3D打印汽車更多的是在宣傳一種技術(shù)發(fā)展理念，通過這一理念來拉動消費，并不是真的要采用3D打印來生產(chǎn)汽車。
然而，3D打印作為一項新興技術(shù)有其獨特的優(yōu)越性，依然在汽車業(yè)中有著許多成功的應(yīng)用案例。下面從汽車設(shè)計、制造和消費的不同階段來分析3D打印技術(shù)在汽車業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。
在汽車設(shè)計階段，3D打印可快速制作概念模型和功能原型，在產(chǎn)品研發(fā)初期大大縮短汽車零部件的驗證時間，從而縮短汽車的研發(fā)周期，并盡可能地降低由于設(shè)計方面的原因而造成的成本浪費。例如，蘭博基尼采用3D打印技術(shù)研制引擎管路，實現(xiàn)了用較短的時間完成復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的制作。
在汽車制造階段，汽車的外飾包括車燈、保險杠、徽標(biāo)、擋泥板等，汽車的內(nèi)飾包括聲學(xué)系統(tǒng)、方向盤、儀表板、操作桿等，以及底盤、車身等都成功應(yīng)用了3D打印技術(shù)。據(jù)報道，3D打印技術(shù)的應(yīng)用在縮短生產(chǎn)周期、降低生產(chǎn)成本方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。
汽車消費階段，也就是說汽車進(jìn)入消費者手中，廠商需要對其車輛進(jìn)行維保、修復(fù)，在這一領(lǐng)域，3D打印技術(shù)可謂大展身手。比如，保時捷采用3D打印技術(shù)為經(jīng)典汽車生產(chǎn)零備件，奔馳公司采用3D打印的零部件修復(fù)20世紀(jì)50年代的跑車，寶馬公司采用3D打印零件修復(fù)老舊座駕。此外，在汽車零部件的供應(yīng)鏈中，應(yīng)用3D打印技術(shù)已是目前各大公司的追求目標(biāo)。
3. 3D打印是噱頭還是工業(yè)革命？
在3D打印技術(shù)發(fā)展的如火如荼的時候，也有業(yè)內(nèi)人士指出，3D打印技術(shù)在批量生產(chǎn)方面還無法與傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)相比，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化作業(yè)還無法大規(guī)模實現(xiàn)，打印材料遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到廣泛使用的要求，高性能零部件的打印技術(shù)還沒有形成，復(fù)合型人才的缺乏等，都限制了3D打印技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用，更不要說3D打印整車了，3D打印汽車也只是一個博人眼球的噱頭而已。
另一方面的聲音就很樂觀了。早在2014年就有學(xué)者撰文《3D打印技術(shù)顛覆汽車制造業(yè)》，提出了3D打印技術(shù)將引領(lǐng)汽車制造業(yè)的觀點。2016年，《美國汽車新聞》評選出全球十二大汽車行業(yè)的顛覆者，3D打印位居榜首。由此可見3D打印技術(shù)的先進(jìn)性。
3D打印是“噱頭”還是“工業(yè)革命”？我們應(yīng)該客觀評價3D打印技術(shù)的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用，既不要抵觸，也不要神話。作為一種新興的科學(xué)技術(shù)，3D打印有著傳統(tǒng)工藝無法比擬的優(yōu)勢，但不可否認(rèn)也存在無法克服的缺陷，我們應(yīng)該做的是盡可能的發(fā)揮其長處，在生產(chǎn)中取得更高的效益。
 

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